An analysis of the idea of measuring and reporting human capital in Essay

An analysis of the idea of measuring and reporting human capital in the balance sheet - Essay Example 77). Companies including human capital will improve the companies’ goodwill in the external and internal environment. The political economy of the firms will improve when the company illustrate its relationship with different skilled employees since the society will appreciate the move by the firm to treat its employees in the best ways possible since they are part of the society. The company that includes training of its employees in the financial reports creates better coexistence with the government thus increasing their good reputation and in return generate more profits since the government helps it in training and developing employees who are skilled to produce quality goods (Blair 1999, pg. 43). It is important for a company to include equity to portray it does not discriminate against the physically but skilled employees or recruits creates a better image that will shape the scope of the market stock prices. Gender equality will portray better correlation with the society, which is important in expanding their company on its improved goodwill (Wyatt & Frick 2010, pg. 213). The inclusion of human capital in a financial report is very beneficial to firms thus this essay shows the reason behind exclusion of such a beneficial factor in the financial reports of most companies. Financial reports are responsible to portray the company’s financial activities and the best way the company is able to allocate its resources. This information is important to the shareholders or investors, competitors and the society. The shareholders who invest money in the company should have the knowledge of the composition of the employees the company operates with to ensure they make justifiable judgments on the funds to invest (Sveiby 1997, pg. 137). If the company prove that, the employees are talented, innovative, skilled and self-motivated, the shareholders will invest more funds since they are sure the employees at hand will generate more profits making the

Lord God forgive me! Essay Example for Free

Lord God forgive me! Essay The grenade had been thrown and it goes through its stages building up to the horror of the war. (Swish swish swish BANG)! This quote shows that there is silence at first and Sherriff shows what the grenade would do. He shows the tense of the atmosphere for example the type of smooth faint noise the grenade would make when it is in the air and then it builds up to the great noise when the grenade lands on the ground. This quote shows the tense of the atmosphere and the stages it goes through until it seems completely realistic. Sherriff uses the this example in the stage direction to show the horrors of war through the atmosphere, through noises he is able to show the violence there is in the war, this quote can help the director create the scene and help the audience give a better understanding of the horrors of war. R. C Sherriff uses a variety of different structures of language through the characters, he shows the audience on how the soldiers had spoken most of the time through out the war and how they might speak due to their class. For example, upper class soldiers would speak in a more posh accent and have a better use of grammar whereas the lower class soldiers would use army jargon such as minnies and pineapples as well as slang such as characters dropping the letters in some words, for example a soldier says e instead of he. Sherriff had created characters with this characteristic on language so he could show the rank the men are in. Osborne is from an upper class therefore he uses language in a good sense of grammar and he speaks words in a posh accent. Osborne: Cheerio. This quote shows that a character called Osborne is from an upper class since he uses words like Cheerio which is a posh word. Mason a cook who constantly speaks slang shows his characteristics to be from a lower class since he uses that sort of language and has a poor level of work in the war. Mason: E said the leopard cant change its spots. This quote shows that a character called Mason is from the lower class since he speaks slang, for example he drops his h when saying he. Sherriff had initially done this because this reflects the rank the men are from so it can give a clear understanding of the characteristics to the audience. The characters Raleigh and Stanhope are significant roles in the play. Raleigh holds the characteristics of a nai ve, inexperienced and gormless person who had just joined the company. Stanhope, who is more opposite to Raleigh, he runs the company which shows that he is much more experienced. Raliegh had known Stanhope from school even though Stanhope was three years older than Raleigh. The characters mainly represent the horrors of war by talking about violence in their conversations and actually going through the process of it when coming to the points of attacking and fighting. Through out the course of the play the characters interact with each other dramatically and emotionally. Their behaviour reflects how they had survived the war, for example they would try not to talk about bad and emotional events and they would try to adapt to positive points while drinking rum. Stanhope talks about upcoming violent events. Stanhope: We must expect this attack on Thursday morning. This quote shows how the characters would represent the horrors of war by talking about an attack which hold the structures of violence, it makes the audience imagine a fight of some sort and injuries which reflect the horrors of war. When the soldiers were to attend an attack six soldiers went but five came back and one had died which was Osborne. Stanhope: Four men and Raleigh came back sir. Colonel: Im very sorry. Poor Osborne. This quote shows that one of the soldiers had died which shows death as a part of the horrors of war and the men interact kindly with each other at this point because their fellow friend had just died. There are many ways the Stanhope and Raleigh had interacted with each other through out the play. At first points of the play Raleigh was more of the shy person and had seemed more scared to talk to Stanhope. Stanhope: How did you get here? Raleigh: I was told to report to your company, Stanhope. This quote shows how Raleigh had reacted in a more respectable manner and had called him Stanhope instead of his original name, Dennis. In addition this quote shows that Raleigh had deliberately joined Stanhopes company which shows that he cares for Stanhope. The play shows how the soldiers were able to cope with the horrors of war since Stanhope had come back from an attack and he had started to celebrate with the other soldiers as soon as he gets back. Mason: I thought I might tell you sir, this is the last bottle. Stanhope: The last bottle! Why damn it, we brought six. Mason: I know sir, but five of them have gone. This quote shows that even after Osbornes death, the soldiers are not that emotional because they face their problems to alcohol and try not to remember those emotional and heartbreaking moments. This quote shows the behaviour the soldiers had that would help them to cope with the horrors of war. Overall this play shows the horrific effects of war and that it puts a bad example on a person, and soldiers are not treated fairly due to their personal problems. In my opinion I think that there is no reason for war, it does nothing other than create a bigger stage of conflict. It ruins many soldiers life, when they could have had a ordinary life but war can put immediate effect on it. Overall I think that R. C Sherriff had tried to outline the horrors of war, the causes of it and how it can also cause soldiers to suffer. 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The recent demographic, epidemiological and social trends in UK

The recent demographic, epidemiological and social trends in UK This essay is divided into two parts. First part deals generally with the recent demographic, epidemiological and social trends in UK. In demographic trends main concern is population change. The demographic transition model depends on countries mortality and the fertility rates. As these are one of the important deciding factors for population change, though migration is important trend in UK. Next are the epidemiological trends deals with life style diseases, non communicable diseases, mental health, disability etc. Finally, the combination of demographic and epidemiological trends gives the social trends. Second part deals with critically assessing the priorities for public health and health promotion. Because establishing priorities are more essential. Not surprisingly it will deal with obesity, lifestyle diseases, smoking etc., as twenty first century progress, public health and health promotions are the major concerns. The important demographic trends in UK is increasing aging population. According to ONS (2009), the population in united kingdom is ageing with the decrease in the younger population. This trend is seen constantly over past 35 years. Because of growing ageing population. It posed a great political and economic challenge to the country(Squire 2002).Because the life expectancy between 2001 and 2006 was 75.6 for male and 79 for female..There is steady increase in life expectancy of people(Bowling 2005).On the other side there is increase in non communicable diseases which are mainly due to behavioural and sedentary life style changes. These include diabetes, CVD, etc., which are mostly of preventable causes(Shah 2008).When it comes to social trends, it has an impact of both the demographic and epidemiological trends. Like the decreasing trend of labour work, this may be due to many reasons. Although there is a increase in the people who are economically active from 5 million in 1971 to 30.6 million in 2006( ONS 2007). Since this increase in economically active people does not increase the employment rate. There is decrease in the employment rate from 95% in 1971 to 79% in the recent period (ONS 2009) The proportion of percentage of crime is increasing like property crime, card crime or juvenile convictions etc., though the overall crime is decreased from 40% in 1995 to 23% in 2005.With increase in the crime rate, the spending on the other services like social protection is increasing. In 2003 it was  £4,710 per person, which is higher than any other countries. Other spending like those for sick and disabled is increased by means of disability living allowance and attendance allowance (ONS 2007). All the above, trends in the environmental change is present scenario which is concern of most. In the previous years climate change was given low level priority( Doulton and Brown, 2009). Both locally and globally the physical environment and their naturally occurring resources are affected by human activities, which may be due to both industrialization and urbanisation from the act of globalisation(DEBRA, 2009).All these process are due to global warming and climate change, which alm ost increased the temperature of UK. The highest temperature was seen recently in 2005 and the projection also shows that if the emission level is same as now it will have increase in overall temperature of 2- 3.5 degree Celsius by 2080(ONS 2007).In the Kyoto protocol, UK has a target to reduce the emission of green house gases to a level of 12.5% between the year 2008 and 2010(UNFCCC).Even though united kingdom emission reduced to a level, the emission from the aviation industry doubled between the year 1990 and 2004. Generally increased emission of carbon dioxide will have impact at many level, like the recent flood in the November with the collapse of bridges and infrastructure(DEFRA, 2009) and it will have impact economically( Taylor and Ortiz, 2008)According to Greenpeace UK, many people are dying every year because of climate change and in 50 years many species are going for extinction and the government policy needs an action not in words. When it comes trends for health prom otion and public health, following are the problems that getting priority in the recent trend. According to office National Statistics (2007), there are two interrelated factors which affects the demographic change. They are natural change and migration. In 1950s population change is due to natural change. But from 1970s natural population change decreased with decrease in birth rate. From 1980s population increased due to increase in migration level and decreases in death rates. Present trend that is from 2007, the change is equal on both sides. The projections for 2011-2021 show that the population change is due to natural, with increase of 57 % (NSO 2009). In 2005, there was 723,000 live birth when compared with 7000 increase from 2004. It was 34% and 20% fewer births in 1901 and 1971.The reason behind this was due to two world wars ( NSO 2007). The best indicator for peoples health status is life expectancy. It is calculated by the mortality rate of the country(Keith Green 2004).According to guardian.co.uk, the trend in life expectancy are dependent on two classes namely middle and poor class. In which middle class adopt healthy life style and poor will follow unhealthy one like drinking and smoking. The life expectancy for a baby born has reached highest level. This would be like 77.6 years for male and 81.6 years for female. Though females live longer than males, the gap between these two are narrowing. The narrowing is from 6.0 years to 4.2 years in last 25 years. A man at 65 years will live 17.4 years and women will live 20.0 years extra if the mortality rate is same as 2006-2008(ONS 2009).Moreover, the projections for the 2021 is like 80 and over for males and 84 years for females(Scambler 2008).In that, last eleven years of life for females and eight years life for males will lead a poor health(Keith and Green 2004) .Moreover there is increase in the unhealthy life expectancy where the old people are alienated from the modern society(Brown 2008). Ageing is the part of life which leads to debility and dependency but not always with disability(Watson,2008).Many consider chronological age for ageing, but chronological age is rough guide to biological age. Because age is measured by abilities and performance of the individual. Many health and welfare organisation consider age of 70 and 75 years as starting age for elderly than 65 years. (Donaldson Scally, 2009) According to office of National Statistics(2009),the advances in the treatment level and modernization leads to increase in the life expectancy from 85 to 90 years. But according to Donaldson and Scally(2009), increase in older population is not solely due to advances in medical field or technology or new drugs. The reason is decreased mortality of children when compared to early twentieth century where there is more deaths of infant and children. With decline in mortality and birth rate ,which projects older population to be increased(Robson 2006). The population pyramid in the beginning of twentieth century, it resembled like a pyramid with more young at the base and elderly at peak. In contrast twentieth century shows like a chimney than pyramid (Donaldson and Scally, 2009). For more than thirty years, ageing population is increasing with 1.2 million people,16% of them are over 65 years and most of them are in 85 years and more(Robert and Linda 2008).When compared between two years like 1971 and 2007,the population of aged is 0.3 and 1.0 for female ,0.1 and 0.4 for male(ONS, 2009).Although policy matters regarding the ageing like pension, health and social welfare provision which comes under expenditure along with keeping good life(Bowling 2005).However, old age people who need supportive care due to physical and mental debility may have one or more chronic diseases. According to social life cycle and ageing fourth age which has dependency and disability, but many remains in good health(Donaldson and Scally,2009). The policy maker have more concern in enabling the older people to be active, mobile and independence, which will make them to contribute to the society as a whole(Bowling 2005). Donaldson and Scally 2009, underpinned that while setting priorities for health care of old people, it should be categorised in three ways .One is those with good health and require no service, second is one with disabling condition such as stroke or dementia and final one is those experiencing age related problems from frequent falls, sensory deficits and memory loss Next to demographic trends is epidemiological trend which shows the countries health status. United Kingdom health trends basically related to behavioural which are mostly related to diet, smoking, drinking and physical activity. Most of the diseases are interrelated to the one of the sedentary life styles. In the past twenty five years, the prevalence of obesity has doubled (National Obesity Observatory).The prevalence of obesity is increasing 0.8 a year, which is three fold more tan 1980s (WHO Europe,2007).The first and the most important cause of diseases in UK is obesity. It showed a rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity in industrialised world and it is first and foremost cause of diseases (Donaldson and Scally,2009) which leads to reduced level of physical activity which is the part of sedentary life style(Barnett 2005). About 37% of the deaths in a year is due to overweight and obesity, which is the cause for the DALYs in aged people ( Allender Rayner 2007). In 2007,ov er one million where on treatment for obesity with 127,000 and 871,000 in 1999 and 2005(Miller et al,2008). By 2010 it will rise in the prevalence rate to three million, at the time of diagnosis these people will be having 50% long term vascular complications and one third of men and 28% of women will be classed as obese (Barnett 2005). This is growing concern in UK, because the relationship between the obesity with immediate clinical outcome like coronary heart diseases are common(Miller et al,2008).Obesity can be related to many other conditions like mental health, learning disabilities and physical disabilities( Ells et al, 2006).There is strong connection between obesity and other diseases like diabetes, disabilities, mental health etc., Apart from prevalence of obesity in whole population, childhood obesity is alarming in UK due to excessive intake of food and lack of physical activity. This trend is more pronounced in lower socio-economic areas(Pearce et al 2008).In 1955 WHO formed global school health initiative to reduce health problem among young people. As a part of the initiative in UK, National healthy school programme-HSP was formed to tackle childhood obesity. It has given priority to physical activity and healthy eating but not on social exclusion and fails to address experiences of marginalised and vulnerable groups in schools(Curtis 2008). The government policy on white paper like ` choosing the health: making the healthy choices easier the policy was implemented through public services agreement-PSA to halt obesity by 2010.It is delivered through local agency and by UNNAO (Mohetbati et al 2007) There are national targets to reduce children with overweight and obesity by 2000 level. The scheme where imp lemented locally to tackle it. But they are not designed , timetabled, resourced or evaluated(Pearce et al 2008) and there is no adequate attention was given to psychological implication of the intervention. The urgency of childhood obesity was reflected in department of health, the policy in this area of childhood obesity lacked co-ordination, surveillance and screening. It is not precisely articulated and explored (Lake 2009). Another important effect of obesity is diabetes. In UK every one person in three is diagnosed with diabetes(practice Nurse 2009).The prevalence rate increases in faster rate than US and Canada, with increase of 74% in past 6 years(occupational health 2009).It is showed that in 2008 it was 2.5million diagnosed with diabetes against 2.3million in 2007,that is 3.86% and 3.66% (Diabetes UK 2007 and 2008) According to Diabetes UK (2009) ,the projections shows that during 2010 there will be anticipated ageing and with growth of overweight and obesity. And by 2015 obesity will be the extra burden of  £6.3 billion to UK NHS. The country could face a diabetes explosion by 2025 with 4 million people will be affected and 500,000 will live with it unknown. It is blamed to be due to overweight and obesity (Occupation health, 2008). It is getting a major public health problem and it is also root cause of many life style diseases like cardiovascular diseases, stroke , blindness etc., Another beh avioural problem which is also the main cause for the above all diseases are smoking and alcoholism, which are the demographic risk to the population. Smoking is one problem which involves many disciplines of action. 2006 there were 12 million smoker in UK, of which the prevalence is higher among men than women for age groups except between 16-19 years. The gender difference is higher among 25-34 years with 33% for men and 26% for female and lower in those aged 60 years and above(Heartstats.org). There is decline in the prevalence to 21% in the age group of 16 and over by 2007(ONS 2007), but there is no considerable decline in the smoking rate among young women between the ages of 11-18 years(Bowles et al 2009). However in general prevalence is more among unskilled manual jobs than professional jobs (Hillier 2006).In 1974 51% of men and 41% women wants to give up smoking , but in 2005 25 % of men and 23 % of women want to give up cigarette smoking. The gender gap is getting decreased between these two years. But in general 66% of them want to give up smoking(ONS, 2009).The death due to lung cancer range from 90%, 80% to emphysema and bronchitis and 17% to heart diseases(ASH 2007). Moreover, one in three smokers will develop cancer in some stage of life and one in four will die of diseases. Smoking contributes to overall 22% of deaths in UK(ASH 2008).NHS spends around  £ 2.7 billion year for treating diseases caused by smoking(ASH 2009) Cardio vascular diseases is a condition which involves a group of condition which is caused mainly by obesity, diabetes, smoking, alcohol, sedentary life styles, which are interlinked. It includes heart diseases and stroke. It kills one in three people, which can be altered by life style changes(BBC 2008).CVD is biggest killer in the country which contribute to 200,000 deaths a year with highest rate than Europe. The projections for 2050 is every nine out of ten will be overweight and obese, which in turn is a contributing factor for CVD. It poses  £ 30 billion to NHS and to UK economy (Care Quality commission 2009).In 2006, CVD cost 14.4 million for health care system, out of which 72% for hospital care and 20% for drugs. Another important non health care cost is production loss. The financial burden from informal care is due to death and illness during working age. In 2006, informal care caused  £ 8.2 billion to UK government .In an overall it will cost  £ 30.7 billion a yea r (Heartstats.org).The main public health concern regarding CVD is alarming increase in death rate which is due to modifiable risk factors like obesity and smoking. Next common cause of death among the UK people is cancer. The trend of death due to cancer peaked for males during 1984 and fallen during 2007. For females it peaked during 1989 and fallen in 2007.In UK about 50,000 cancer deaths every year (BBC 2007).Cancer is followed by mental health. In the recent past there is strong relationship between mental health and economic downtown. There is a challenge that exist to tackle the mental health without compromising in quality of treatment. All around mental health cost about  £110 billion per year. This is increasing due to recession, unemployment, home repossession etc., The expenditure on mental health will double if the same situation exist( Royal college of psychiatrist 2009).Women are 19.1% higher than men in using mental health services. And old age people using double the size(mental health bulletin 2009).For this government has sorted out some priorities like support to employer from government , Right kind of support to people w ith problem and concentration on research to improve the present situation in co ordination from public health professional. This can done by public mental health approach (Royal college of psychiatrics). Inequalities due to migration are the constant problem in UK. It may be due to the difference in the level of deprivation (Connolly O Reilly 2007). According to ONS (2009), migration in is seen in two levels like immigration and emigration. International migrations contribute to population growth of UK in the recent years. The people emigrated from UK is 427,000 in 2008 which is high when compared to 341,000 in 2007. The number of people emigrated has doubled in A8 accession countries from 25,000 in 2007 to 69,000 in 2008. In contrast, people came to UK in 2008 is 590,000 when compared with 574,100 in 2007. However, there is decrease in NI number allocation between 2007 and 2008 shows that decrease in the number of people came to UK from other countries. There is steady decrease in people immigrating to UK between 2007, it includes both EU and Non EU. But there is sharp increase in people coming for formal study from 27% in 2007 to 32% in 2008(ONS).Immigration causes two problems to NHS, first is the abuse of overseas visitors and second is unchecked permanent migration with major illness and diseases like HIV, Tuberculosis and Hepatitis B. These diseases are communicable, intractable leads to spread which will cause serious public health problems (Moxon 2004).

violence :: essays research papers

In the fictional short story â€Å"The Child by Tiger† no event occurs with out purpose. Authors of fictional short stories have to produce a well-read piece without any excess information or events. Thomas Wolfe was no exception to this rule. He demonstrated a serious fictional short story without any overflow of information or detail. An act of violence in a story provides suspense, drama, mystery, and other specific advantages. Wolfe also displays the result of violent acts, especially in small towns. In â€Å"The Child by Tiger† Dick’s violent act seems both shocking and surprising, but offers and excellent gateway to wrap up the end of a story. The violent act of Dick Prosser, the Shepperton’s servant presents the story with a great crescendo of conflict and suspense. This kind, gentle, respectful man changed suddenly into a cold-blooded killer. The purpose of this violence in the story was to show the reader the need for Dick to be free. Literally, he was free, but because of his position as the Shepperton’s â€Å"Negro man† he was not. He even went as far as to kill people just so he could live his own life. Without the author’s use of violence Dick’s point would not be made as boldly. If he had talked to Mr. Shepperton about his desire to live his own life, it would not have made such an impression on the readers as it did when he became violent. Also, if Dick did in fact speak to Mr. Shepperton about his desire to live his own life and if it was granted to him the story would have had a nice moral, but not offer the same excitement and drama as it did. The reader can also assume that if he was â€Å"freed† that he would have a difficult time trying to find employment and respect because this story takes place about 1937. Another interesting fact bout â€Å"the Child by Tiger† was that Thomas Wolfe provided subtle, yet imperative, foreshadowing to the readers. Throughout the story, a reader could have a feeling that something exciting should be happening but could never be exactly sure. The narrator described Dick as having a muscular build, and when throwing the football he aimed it over his outstretched hands â€Å"as if he were pointing a gun.† We find out that later in the story he does in fact use a gun as a means to try to â€Å"free† himself by killing and injuring several people, before running out of town.

Advance Color Photography

A photograph is a frozen second in time, a token of a memory. If one would really look at any picture, however, a photograph is more complicated than that. Without formal education regarding photography, one cannot fully tell what a good photograph is by simply looking at it. Most of the time even, people say that it is a nice picture if their faces were not construed and their bad angles well kept.People don't often find the difference between black and white pictures and full color pictures. It could be that, in this day and age, color can be considered as a basic necessity, something that can sooth the senses. Likewise, color photography is a technology that allows us to maximize how we keep our memories, which is how we remember it: in full color.In this photography class, we have learned that wasting film is not exactly as it is. With every click of the shutter, we practice. At first, it was quite challenging how one can use an SLR, a camera an average person assume professional photographers use.Although there is much truth in their assumptions, not all the best photographs are taken using such a camera. A simple point and shoot camera can create the best photographs if the handler knows what he is doing.A photographer should know the three basic principles in taking high quality photographs: composition, depth of field, and exposure. Although a point and shoot camera cannot maximize the latter two principles, the composition of an image is the most important element in photography. This is due to the fact that the shutter speed and exposure levels are the elements that gives better effects to pictures.Furthermore, to become a skilled photographer, one should be aware of the other equipment used. A tripod is a fundamental component in taking good pictures. In settings with poor lighting, it is necessary to use a tripod if the camera does not a have a flash, or if it is a kind of night photography. The tripod assists the artist to take clear pictures. A sh aky hand hinders one from capturing a crisp photograph.Different lenses further allows photographers to be more specific in taking pictures. If their object relates to sports, we will need extra lenses that can zoom into moving objects, while maintaining that crisp look. These different kinds of lenses can be necessary for the different specializations different photographers have: portraits, landscapes, architecture, night, still life, journalism, and sports, to name a few.Although I did not learn everything I could have in one course, I have browsed photographs and some basic techniques online. Access is quite easy, and I believe I have the right the maximize this.By taking into my formal studies the extra curricular information I attained, I am able to explore and execute different styles. Other means of sharpening my eye in finding a good photograph was through looking at magazines, newspapers, ads, and even those brochures I can come across.I was browsing in the internet for so me of the best photographs in the recent history when I came across an address that showed the best picks in the year 2005. C.L. Garvin of The Register Herald was one of the artists included in their list.Among all those listed, her photograph was the most serene looking. Her photograph consists of a reflection of a willow, with fall floating on the surface of the water, with the sky as the overall background. The different techniques she incorporated in this photo are also applied by the other photographers in that category.The difference was how they were incorporated. The composition and total appeal of the photograph also brought about its success.In class, we also learned the difference between snapshots and photographs. Snapshots are those pictures we take during parties, special events and documentations hastily. They are usually taken with a simple automatic point and shoot camera without considering the other elements that will make it art.Photographs are taken with a caref ul eye. It doesn't matter if the photo was taken quickly, as long as the photographer keeps in mind the basic elements as he angles his camera to the scene, then it can become art.In color photography, we highly give importance to the role of color to the totality of the image. The different colors used in the composition of the photograph generally sets the mood or tone of the photograph, much like how anything is visually affected by the use of color. In photographs, shades of blue are cool colors, which represent serenity.Warm colors such as yellow and red represent energy, and earth tones are relaxing. The mixture of colors may represented something greater. This means that in taking photographs, the composition of the shot includes balance between the elements and color use.Given that color use in taking pictures can break or make the photograph, the choice of colors to use in the frame is quite vital. The purpose of taking a photograph is not just to freeze time, but also to h ave it represent something more than that, like emotions and thoughts. It is not simply taking a portion of our memories, but also giving it a justifiable aesthetic value.The basic idea is to capture, along with everything within that moment framed. A photographer should also keep in mind the harmony of colors, and how each complement the focal image of the frame.Some experienced photographers will say that those who wish to become an accomplished photographer should simply take a camera, look through the viewer, find an object and press the shutter. That is putting it too mildly. True, some of the best photographs have been taken in an instant.This does not show luck at all, but quick thinking. Moreover, any photographer will not take just one frame of one composition. It can take three frames to 3 rolls to achieve the desired composition and effect of the picture. What is important is that the artist can think fast and be observant enough to find his point of attack.There are basi c guidelines to follow in creating a good photograph. It was mentioned earlier that there are equipment involved. Composition has been long established as a basic principle.However, there are other ways to point the difference between a good and a bad shot. According to another website I came across, the other points one should consider in taking and deliberating the quality of photographs include: irrelevant elements, rule of thirds, lines, frames, camera shots and camera angles.Irrelevant elements include those objects that are not involved in the composition but happened to be captured within the frame. This is unfortunately something we cannot always make do without, especially in a very busy scenario. For example, one picture is focusing on children playing in the park.Parents often see this as a perfect time to have their cameras with them. They bring out the camera and start taking their pictures. Luckily in this age of user friendly digital cameras, one can immediately revie w the shot they took.However, in the time of film, we sometimes find ourselves frustrated when the best picture becomes a disaster as somebody's elbow get in the way, the shot was blurry, or if they weren't even in the frame. It happens, and is often depressing, to find that we don't really know how to take good pictures.The rule of thirds basically imagining dividing the frame into nine boxes, two lines horizontal, and two lines vertical. The idea is to always have this imaginary grid in place every time a picture is being taken. This grid tells us that we should never put the main focus dead center.By putting the focus along these lines, we create a more balanced photograph. The illusion adds depth to the entire image of the photograph. The focus of the photograph would seem out of place if it is at the center of the frame. It will look odd and unattractive.Lines in photographs are elements that adds drama and excitement. It has been said that this technique is quite challenging t o master due to the complexity it adds to the total appeal of the photograph. There are two kinds of lines used in photographs: explicit and implicit. Explicit lines are those close up details of objects, which if taken from a certain angle can be very beautiful.On the other hand, implicit lines are those that are implied in the photo. These lines are also considered as invisible lines because one cannot really see it. These lines have been incorporated from the moment the frame was being composed by the photographer. Furthermore, these lines are not always considered when the photographer takes a picture. Subconsciously, these lines become a guide on how the audience will look at the image.Framing involves what we call the headroom. This element pertains to the space between the edge of the frame and the focus. Also related to the rule of thirds, if the focus of the photograph is not situated in a way that it fills the frame completely. If not, the object should be strategically pl aced that if it doesn't fill the frame, other objects will make up for it. The idea is always to have balance and aesthetic value.Camera Shots will refer to distance of the camera to the object. There are different camera shots a photographer can explore: extreme long shot, long shot, medium shot, close up shot, and extreme close up shot. These shot usually involve a person as reference. Extreme long shot will look like the picture was taken from afar, and the person is only a small percent of the frame.Long shot refers to fitting the person from head to toe within the frame. A medium shot will refer to half the anatomy. The close up shot will refer to the area from the chest up, with sufficient headroom. Lastly, the extreme close up shot would be a very tight frame of a person's face. One should always remember, however, that the frames should never divide the body of a person in a frame at the joints: knees, waist, elbow, and neck.The last of the basic principles discussed by the website I found and was much used as well in class is the camera angle. Five different angles was discussed. The first refers to how the viewer seems to be interacting with the object, this is called a subjective angle. An objective angle on the other hand, refers to how the object is involved his own environment.The other three angles will refer to the point of view of the camera. The first of these is the low angle, where the camera is taking a picture from the lower areas of the object. This gives the object a sense of power and strength.The second angle would be the high angle wherein the camera takes a picture from above the object, giving it the opposite appeal: submission and weakness. The last angle discussed is the oblique angle. Quite an interesting point of view, an artist can explore a lot of different angles that can be both dramatic and playful.However, once a picture is taken, it isn't a quality photograph yet. How pictures are   printed are also taken into consider ation. In this digital era, we can print color photographs in our very homes. Technology really made it easier for us.From our cameras, we upload our photos in computers for retouching and cropping. For black and white photographs, there are specific chemicals used to develop the film, and from that film onto paper. Darkrooms and enlargers are used.However, for colored photographs, conventional printers and photo papers can be used. To have a more than satisfactory output of these pictures, the kinds of printers and papers should be of top quality to have the desired outcome. Today, the different colors used to print are abbreviated as CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow and black). These colors are mixed to form the different colors of the spectrum, producing colorful photographs.The choices made by the photographer regarding these factors in printing highly affect the output of the picture. It is only logical that way. If pictures are printed on low quality papers, through a rather cheap machine, then what else can we expect at the paper tray? If we are really after the best quality, then we should go all the way. Making use of substitutes will not promote everything we desire.Realism in photography is quite a rampant style today. Traced to where photographs are still in forms of paintings, realism is a style which portrays real life: problems, physical appearances, and sometimes morals, as listed by the website aHUNTFOR.Apparently, this style is also used in advocacies and statement artworks tody. The general context involved in realism boils down to the emotions: the feelings during hardship and likewise happiness. It paints reality of that time.When realism first came out as a style of art, all the neglected aspects of their lives were given light. Anyone today can produce quality photographs due to the convenience technology offered. All the other emotions and overlooked issues were given light. This explains the passion people express through advocacy photograp hs. Since they are given the liberty to express themselves, so share what they see through their lenses.This course taught me so much. What I have written here only involves the technical aspects of photography. These are the basic knowledge I need in constructing my own little masterpieces in full color. Printing them out through conventional printers or those in the high end series can only support my photograph. But what matters is my idea is expressed through such a creative means, as photography.Works Citedâ€Å"Basic Rules of Photography.† trem.ca. 20 September 2003. 9 January 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .â€Å"Best Photographs of 2005.† Avolites Distributors Worldwide. 2005. 9 January 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .â€Å"Realism.† HuntFor.com. 2007. 9 January 2008 .

Comical Side of Scoop essays

Comical Side of Scoop essays Evelyn Waugh was one of literature's great curmudgeons and a scathingly funny satirist. Scoop is a comedy of England's newspaper business of the 1930s and the story of William Boot, an innocent hick from the country who writes careful essays about the habits of the badger (Editorial Reviews). "With this book England's wittiest novelist sets a new standard for comic extravaganza...the real message about SCOOP is that it is thoroughly enjoyable, uproariously funny and that everyone should read it at once" (The New York Times). This is just one example of the popularity of the comical relief hidden within the bindings of the book Scoop. This book sets forth a new standard for comic extravaganza. The novel reads as though it had been formed with slapstick, but it is architecture of amazement. For example, his delightful style of the keys of typewriters in the personal quarters of one of Fleet Streets greatest press lords made no more sound than the drumming of a bishops finger tips on an upholstered prie-dieu; the buzzers of the telephones were muffled and purred like wart cats; the massive double doors, encased in New England rosewood, by their weight, polish and depravity of design, proclaimed unmistakably, Nothing but Us stand between you and Lord Copper (Waugh). Other additives were set forth with just the names of the newspapers and of the characters. Newspapers have fabulous names- the Brute, the Beast. A Communist named Pappenhacker, one of the cleverest men in Fleet Street, (Waugh 92) has difficulty finding places to eat because of his bullying of waiters (Waugh 92). This bullying has sound theory behind it. Every time you are polite to a proletarian, Pappenhacker believes, you help bolster up the capitalist system (Gelder 1). Pappenhacker hated the lower class. Another chara ...

3 Steps to Fill Your Marketing Calendar With Brilliant Ideas - CoSchedule

3 Steps to Fill Your Marketing Calendar With Brilliant Ideas A blank page. An empty content calendar. A lack of spontaneous creative inspiration. These three things together are a nerve-wracking recipe for stress and anxiety. Creative professionals are often used to working under tight deadlines though. For this reason, we mistakenly believe the pressure to be creative on-the-spot is just a fact of life; an occupational hazard, in a sense. We may even believe we thrive on this sort of chaos, thinking urgency helps produce better work. We’re here to tell you there’s a better way. On this episode of Overheard At , company co-founder Garrett Moon and blog manager Ben Sailer discuss our three-step process for generating tons of ideas fast. In fact, using this proven and repeatable method, you should be able to brainstorm a month’s worth of ideas in under an hour. This is the same process the team uses, and our own content marketing success shows it works. And it can work for you, too.3 Steps To Fill Your Marketing Calendar With Brilliant Ideas #OverheardAtSubscribe to receive videos in your inbox: //

Recurring Delight essays

Recurring Delight essays Seasons are caused by the Earths tilt of axis and rotation. Spring, autumn, winter, and summer all offer many endeavors. Of the four seasons, summer provides the most entertaining activities. Of the many activities, traveling, hiking, and going to the lake are what make summer my favorite season. Summer provides an apt time to partake in traveling. Traveling is an eye and mind opening experience. There is an excursion to Europe ever summer my family takes. Many special and magnificent landmarks and religious sites are there to visit. Having a summer vacation house in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, allows us to visit there during the summer. Colorado puts forth many different and fun filled adventures. The beach is another top traveling spot which is visited most frequently during the summer. The best site to holiday at is Ponte Vedra, Florida. During summer, traveling is a pleasurable thing to do. Hiking is a superb activity to be involved with, during summer. While hiking one sees magnificent scenery. Watching a sunrise or sunset while hiking is breath-taking. Wide varieties of places to hike allow people to choose from a simple and flat or a vigorous and steep trail. These terrains provide different cardiovascular workouts. The choice of where to hike can fluctuate on what animals might be seen. Choosing to hike in Arkansas, one will probably end up seeing various birds, rather than choosing Colorado where one might see a timid chipmunk to a ferocious mountain lion. Hiking can be made into a joyous occasion. The absolute best thing during summer is going to the lake. Ouchita is the most preferable to any of the other lakes surrounding the area of Fort Smith, Arkansas. Swimming is a fun sport to participate in while at the lake. Either by the dock or off of the boat, swimming provides a time to leisurely wade in the water. Riding jet skis offers exhilarating excitement at the lake. Driving fast, ...

Human Geography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human Geography - Research Paper Example The lions are of diverse traits, which demand a lot from the human environment. The often-perceived disagreement between the wildlife and humans lead to a great conflict. Sustainability implies that the lions should be capacitated into the societies without compromising their existence and peace. The frequencies of human-lion conflicts have been on the increase in the recent years. The conservation strategies should be that jeopardize the existence of the animals and the people. The sustainable strategies in the conservation of the entire environment imply the use of eco-friendly measures to arrest the situations of environmental destruction that trigger human-wildlife conflicts. The wildlife sanctuaries should be fenced with electric wires so that the lions do not scheme out of the ranches to reduce the causes of the eco-conflicts. Humans, under these regulations, they should be educated on the ways of dealing with the lions without causing harm to them. Introduction People strive t o prevent the animals from destroying their environment while the animals adapt to the harsh environment created by the people to be more wild and destructive. The counteraction between the two entities, humans and wildlife, leads to a more coarse coexistence in such ecosystems (Powell, 55). To reverse the tremendous effects of the lions on the human environments and vice versa, conservation of the lions need to be addressed. The lions require to be protected from the effects of human activities in the ecosystems. This is a conflict mitigation measure as the continuous collisions of the people and lions as the lions are conserved through proper fencing of the wildlife territories. The infringement of the territories by either the lions or the people causes the conflict (Quammen, par 53-55). Literature Review and the Historical Background Human-wildlife conflicts is not a contemporary issue as the explosion of human population began to affect the wildlife areas long in the mid of 21s t century. Different scholars and academic professionals have given focus on the causes of human-wildlife conflicts. Some have talked on the issues of effects of the conflicts on the environment and the entire ecological systems. The specifications have addressed the issues and concerns over the link between the humans and the lions in the societies. Addressing and suggesting the concern of the need to address the conflict between humans and lions. There have been documents and public address on the need to conserve the carnivores, like the lions. The conservation of lions was a book that focused on the ways to reduce the human-lion conflict. My paper identifies the need to address the issues on sustainable methods of reversing, curbing the human-lion conflict while conserving the lions (Cromsigt 544). Research Questions In this study, I have sought to answer the following questions in relation to the theme of the study. 1. What are the major causes of the human-wildlife conflicts? The answer to which is a tip to realize the solutions to the problems caused by human-conflict. 2. What are the effects of human-lion conflicts? 3. What are the potential solutions to the problems of this form of conflict within the societies? 4. How can we as humans achieve a sustainable equilibrium to resolve the conflicts? 5. What are the measures that the authorities should take to reverse the frequency of the occurrence of the conflicts? 6.

Software Architectures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Software Architectures - Essay Example The main content areas of an information system are data, process, infrastructure and organization. System design involves reviewing each of the content areas in order to solve the client’s problems when it becomes operational. Infrastructure defines the hardware and software components as essential to facilitate performing the activities of the system i.e. data storage and servers. System design involves modification of an organization in order to match the functioning of the system. It includes identifying persons who update, create or delete data. The data in the CDM are converted to data design. The process of system designing involves specifying the detailed system logic. This consists of elements such as the computers for database management systems, servers, telecommunications, and programming languages. Customer’s procedure, standards and policy manuals may bring constraints to the system design.11 The infrastructure design should specify the development environment. Critical issues under infrastructure include the following. †¢Language(s) of the system. This concern specifying what language and design approach will be is used to develop the system. Include versions, i.e. The system is a Client/Server system. The client wants Visual Basic language. The system will be installed in the computer using a run-time version †¢ Host environment. Specify what machines will be used. Include how the machines will fit into the infrastructure, i.e. the system will be installed in the MIS Division, which that are attached to the College of Computer LAN. These machines have a processor, 64MB of RAM and 500MB of disk storage. †¢ Network. For systems operating over a network it is always vital to specify network requirements. The issue is not in changing the network, but the impact of the new system. Large systems require new links and components. The design specifies the client, server, LAN and

Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Performance - Essay Example The changing demands of performance on employees in high- velocity companies, perceptions of equity in its three forms may become confused, as job roles and job interdependence become more varied and flexible. Since employees would expect that as their job changes, so will their compensations, designing compensation systems in high-velocity environments presents a major challenge to organisations. In high-velocity environments, a premium is placed on individuals who are able to operate in ambiguous circumstances and who are able to take advantage of loose job descriptions provided by their employers (Bratton and Gold, 2003). Organisations in high-velocity environments such as in the international marketplace are willing to pay proportionally higher salaries to individuals who have such skills. It is expected therefore, that emphasis on individually equitable compensations as a means of recruiting and retaining highly capable employees would be required (Beardwell, Holden and Claydon, 2004). Employee Compensation can be one of the greatest foundations of control available to a company in its quest

Unit 5 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Unit 5 Individual Project - Essay Example Hospitality sector is one such great opportunity existing within UAE markets which can offer a great opportunity to serve our ready to cook seafood products. Our strategy will be based on the value addition proposition which our products will offer besides offering other health benefits. To be the leading seafood products providers in the International market taking care of the nutritional value of our customers beside providing a less expensive, high quality and fresh sea food products to our customers through value addition. Tourism is considered as the main attraction of the UAE with annual shopping festivals of international stature besides offering a very cheap and more westernize environment to the visitors from Western countries. Our target market will be divided into two groups: First group of consumers will be foreign touring UAE. We aim to serve them with traditional fish products of UAE besides offering customized cooked seafood products which are more in demand in Western Countries thus providing them an experience of second home market as for as serving their taste buds are concerned. Hospitality sector: Both in Dubai and across the country, it is the hospitality sector that is the largest single consumer group of seafood products, with nearly every 5-star hotel hosting a seafood restaurant. Competition in the foodservice segment continues to heat-up, keeping pace with both population and tourism growth (in 2006, Dubais 371 hotels hosted a record 6.5Â  million guests). Gulf Seafood LLC is considered as one of the oldest and largest players in the UAE seafood industry. There is a growing trend within the whole Gulf market that the trends are shifting towards the more health conscious seafood products with many local as well international players are coming into the market to define their own niches. A closer analysis of the competition suggests that there is a need for the company having more experience in serving Western

Oppurtunity Cost Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oppurtunity Cost - Term Paper Example The articles also indicate how the country has decreased revenue generated from local consumption. The change in energy sources are triggered by the fact that most of the countries are embracing green energy and attributes to the future benefits the energy could have to the environment (196). The environmental benefits according to the article are of environmental benefits are far more important than economic benefits. The country has two energy alternatives. The choice to use renewal energy rather than the natural oil and gas are based on environmental factors rather than the economical value. The natural oil contributed largely to the national income. The country being among the largest producers of oil, the government’s decision to cut off their second largest source of revenue and invest on other sources indicates how choices where triggered by other factors. The decision has nothing t do with the economic benefit but the environmental factors. The decision is triggered by the world millennium development goals. The initial investments may be high and the country may take a longer period to realize the economical benefit to their planned investment. New infrastructure could consume half of the revenue invested by the government towards the sector. Choosing the option would mean that the governments revenue on oil and natural would dwindle. The country depends on agriculture and oil export to contribute to the national revenue. The elimination of natural oil will mean that the country depend mostly on agriculture as their main economic activity. The national expenditure will increase meaning resources allocated to national development. This means their opportunity cost would be the revenue collected from the renewable energy subtracted from the income that would otherwise be collected from exports of natural oil and gas. The result is the sacrifice foregone by the government to ensure a sustainable environment. The new investment

Inventory Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Inventory Management - Essay Example Inventory items usually consist of the goods, raw materials and finished products. All of these items are seen as money or profit for the owner of any specific organization. Campbell (2007) states that keeping track of raw materials, works-in-process and finished products are obviously critical to a companys bottom line. The aims and objectives of the research regarding inventory management are to analyze various issues which are associated with the inventory management process in any specific organization. Another purpose is to talk about the importance and significance of these issues in the process of inventory management. The plan of the report is that those matters or issues, which influence the inventory management process of any company or organization, will be critically examined and studied in order to see their impact on the inventory control and management system and suitable solutions will be found in order to properly tackle any sort of issue that may appear in the organization regarding the process of inventory management. If we talk about the importance of inventory management system, we can say that inventory management is the root cause for the success of any company or organization. Zierden (2009) states that to be successful in today’s market, dealers need to have concrete inventory strategies and processes in place. If the company contains required amount of inventory items in the stock, the company never faces a demand-supply problem. Demand-supply issue always occur when the company gets out of stock and when the inventory stock level of the company is balanced, the company will never face the issue of less stock and high demand. Muller (2003) found that balanced inventories are very important for the companies because all companies, whether they are medium sized or a large sized organization, inventory management is the key to productivity and success. Piasecki (2003) found that

Unit 5 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Unit 5 Individual Project - Essay Example Hospitality sector is one such great opportunity existing within UAE markets which can offer a great opportunity to serve our ready to cook seafood products. Our strategy will be based on the value addition proposition which our products will offer besides offering other health benefits. To be the leading seafood products providers in the International market taking care of the nutritional value of our customers beside providing a less expensive, high quality and fresh sea food products to our customers through value addition. Tourism is considered as the main attraction of the UAE with annual shopping festivals of international stature besides offering a very cheap and more westernize environment to the visitors from Western countries. Our target market will be divided into two groups: First group of consumers will be foreign touring UAE. We aim to serve them with traditional fish products of UAE besides offering customized cooked seafood products which are more in demand in Western Countries thus providing them an experience of second home market as for as serving their taste buds are concerned. Hospitality sector: Both in Dubai and across the country, it is the hospitality sector that is the largest single consumer group of seafood products, with nearly every 5-star hotel hosting a seafood restaurant. Competition in the foodservice segment continues to heat-up, keeping pace with both population and tourism growth (in 2006, Dubais 371 hotels hosted a record 6.5Â  million guests). Gulf Seafood LLC is considered as one of the oldest and largest players in the UAE seafood industry. There is a growing trend within the whole Gulf market that the trends are shifting towards the more health conscious seafood products with many local as well international players are coming into the market to define their own niches. A closer analysis of the competition suggests that there is a need for the company having more experience in serving Western

Inventory Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Inventory Management - Essay Example Inventory items usually consist of the goods, raw materials and finished products. All of these items are seen as money or profit for the owner of any specific organization. Campbell (2007) states that keeping track of raw materials, works-in-process and finished products are obviously critical to a companys bottom line. The aims and objectives of the research regarding inventory management are to analyze various issues which are associated with the inventory management process in any specific organization. Another purpose is to talk about the importance and significance of these issues in the process of inventory management. The plan of the report is that those matters or issues, which influence the inventory management process of any company or organization, will be critically examined and studied in order to see their impact on the inventory control and management system and suitable solutions will be found in order to properly tackle any sort of issue that may appear in the organization regarding the process of inventory management. If we talk about the importance of inventory management system, we can say that inventory management is the root cause for the success of any company or organization. Zierden (2009) states that to be successful in today’s market, dealers need to have concrete inventory strategies and processes in place. If the company contains required amount of inventory items in the stock, the company never faces a demand-supply problem. Demand-supply issue always occur when the company gets out of stock and when the inventory stock level of the company is balanced, the company will never face the issue of less stock and high demand. Muller (2003) found that balanced inventories are very important for the companies because all companies, whether they are medium sized or a large sized organization, inventory management is the key to productivity and success. Piasecki (2003) found that

About Writing Informal Short Reports Essay Example for Free

About Writing Informal Short Reports Essay Short reports are usually informal reports. Generally, these reports serve current needs and tend to have a limited readership. They tend to be between one and five single-spaced pages (ten double-spaced). They also tend to express a first person point of view. They use a personal style — we and you and a familiar vocabulary that conveys informality. They are often formatted for internal and external use. Memo-Reports Most informal reports follow the memo or letter format and are referred to as memo-reports and letter-reports. Use the memo-report format when writing internal or external communications about routine operations and familiar subject matter. Use it to inform colleagues about recent experiences — field trips, meetings, and seminars, and to report on achievements. Write a memo-report when you want to file a record of a decision, a transaction, a meeting, or a proposal. Any subject that needs documentation can be developed as a memo-report: new procedures and policies, background information for sales staff, new marketing strategies, and so on. See more:  First Poem for You Essay Since the subject matter is either routine or familiar or your readers, the one-line reference in the memo heading serves as the introduction. Arrange points for impact The standard of the memo-report are shown below in a conventional arrangement. †¢ Memo heading: To, From, Date, Subject. †¢ Source of the assignment: identification of the department head or superior who suggested or authorized the report (normally the person to whom you address your memo-report). †¢ Statement of the problem: a discussion of the background or status of the subject, a summary of the consequences of not taking action, and a reference to the scope and purpose of the report. †¢ Main points: introduced by headings. †¢ Summary and conclusions. Letter-Reports Any informal report can be developed in the letter-report format: a report on estimates for repairs or services, proposals for supplying a service or product, and updates on achievements, and so on. Arrange points for impact The standard parts of letter-reports are shown below in a conventional arrangement. †¢ Inside address †¢ Salutation †¢ Source the assignment †¢ Statement of the problem †¢ Main points †¢ Recommendations †¢ Complimentary close

Foundation: Myths Of Rome

Foundation: Myths Of Rome Although the foundation of Rome cannot be traced back using scholarly articles instead archaeological records have been used to provide immense data using settlements, religious sites and material dated back to the foundation of Rome. We have retrospective accounts from Livy and Virgil. The reign of Augustus was a time that used the foundation myths and the retelling of them to unify Rome due to the fragmented state that Rome was in after the civil wars. The use of the myths was used to unify Rome as one and to relate to the people that they all had and have common origins. By doing this Augustus was using myth to promote a message, not only of political union but of a union that the people originated from one beginning, to further drive this point he built statues of much grandeur and restored the hut of Romulus. Romulus and Aeneas in his imperial imagery; for instance, he erected statues of these figures in his new imperial Forum, and ostentatiously restored the thatched hut of Romulus on the Palatine after it was destroyed by fire. (Block 2 Page 108) By retelling the foundation myth stories Augustus was appealing to the moral side of the peoples nature by suggesting that all of Rome should be in unity and that tradition should be remembered and recognised. He was billing himself as Romes second founder hoping to unify Rome in a more peaceful age. In my opinion this is most definitely a use of myth for moral messages and perhaps a way to control the people in his reign. In some of the accounts written by Livy, whom is thought to be a friend of Augustus but also a truthful person, it states that Livys writing does reveal that he was an advocate of the morality associated with the Roman republic. At the same time, however, he was frequently optimistic about the new imperial era. (Block 2 page 110) Perhaps also Livy is a tactician, while supporting his friend Augustus his scepticism of the super natural elements and of the foundation myths of Rome, are evident for he suggests that the wolf that suckled Romulus and Remus was in fact a prostitute with the nickname of wolf. However Livy in his accounts of myth does show recognition and makes use of some mythical characters such as Aeneas, Romulus and Remus. Augustus used many of the writings from the accounts of Livy including the curule chair and the purple boarded toga to promote a unified Rome for example. On the reverse of a coin it showed Augustus with the inscription reading, He restored the laws and rights of the Roman people. (Block 2 Page 112) This is another demonstration of how Augustus used myth supported by the writings of Livy to unify Rome. The inscription on the coin represents this and refers to all Roman people. Neros use of myth Nero in his reign was a great entertainer and I am certain used myth as a vehicle for communication with the people of Rome. Nero was using the characters to project the parallels between him and his power as an Emperor of Rome and perhaps to influence how he was thought of. This is exemplified in the reference of Suetonius were he writes of Nero singing of the myth of Niobe to link him with the god Apollo. Nero planned to rule by following the example of Augustus so Nero was therefore following the close association that Augustus had with Apollo. This would also help us to understand that myth was being reused to keep the morality and belonging of the Roman people unified. Nero also associated himself with another god Sol by having images of him pictured in a radiate crown which would show the link to Sol. Being seen by the people of Rome was important for a ruler, and, without mass media, public events were always a stage for the emperor; how an emperor behaved in front of and toward the crowd enabled a dialogue between rulers and ruled. Nero wanted the people to see him as a god and used the similarities of himself and Apollo to create peace. Even in official coinery Nero can been seen akin to Apollo in the way he is presented as Apollo Citharoedus, advancing right in flying robes, playing lyre which he did often. Nero justified his own singing by observing that singing is sacred to Apollo (Primary Source 2.6, p. 39). (Block 2 page 143) In the reign of Nero even the Elite were made to perform and this perhaps allied Nero with the lower classes of Rome and allowed him to reach further to masses and become more popular. Nero used myth as an entertainment tool and would use themes of tragedies to perform to. It has been noted that Suetonius recorded Nero being involved in the ballets about the Minotaur, Daedalus and Icarus. He would sing about Niobe. Many of the rulers of Rome have used myth for different ends, in the case of Augustus he wanted to unify Rome and improve the strength of the empire by using myth to communicate of the origins of Rome by unifying the people the empire would be stronger. Nero in comparison was so taken up with the theatre and performing that he used it as a vehicle to promote himself to all of Rome, some believed he was claiming a god like status through the performance of myth and the production of relics depicting him as the gods Apollo or Sol. Flavian Amphitheatre The Amphitheatre was an in important stage for myth and by using the amphitheatre as a performance arena myth was able to reach wider audiences. The players in the arena would impersonate characters from myth although in some circumstances the endings to the myths may be dramatised to entertain the audience. The audience would have to have prior knowledge of myths to identify characters from their props, such as Juno characterised by holding a diadem and sceptre. This meant that it was no only the elite that were aware of the myths but most of society. Political and Moral use of myth It is known that Rome was decorated elaborately with temples, pictures, buildings and statues. This decoration was often dedicated to the gods and myths. It is shown myth was not only understood by the elite but by the all Romans as they were encompassed by all this imagery even in as far as the very coinage that they carried in their pockets. It is clear from the findings of many a signet ring, and images of the gods expressed in many ways in the guise of Emperors, that these rings could also be significant indicators of political allegiance to the Gods and therefore the Emperors who were represented as them. Therefore it is likely that political allegiance and identity were also communicated through the medium of myth. It has been stated that at heart of most political points are rhetoric, myth and symbolism. This will only work if myth is believed and can be a cause of unrest if the general public have access to other sources of information. Myths are a source of propaganda still used and allied with today A number of the myths were rewritten in Augustuss reign and this could be why he used them to help retell the myths and stories in a way that would support him throughout his reign, because at this time it was a period in which there was a great unrest and war in Rome. By focussing on the concept of the origins of Rome this would optimistically allow for the conflicts to dispel and develop into a unified peaceful focus for an integrated Rome. It needs also to be noted that the writings by Livy from the period of the rein of Augustus, do not all lend themselves to support Augustus and all of his ideals. From the view of Livy he interpreted the rape of the Sabine women as a politically motivated attack, a way to increase the population of Rome because they did not have women folk so the women had a dedicated use being that of reproduction. This act also cemented the relationship the Sabine villages in time after the attack, because now their daughter had offspring that were Roman and Sabine and the women acted as political mediators between both sides resulting in a combined relationship and an extension t the Roman Empire. Myth has been woven into to political life and it was a vehicle of communication between ruler and subjects. Theatrical performances that linked myth to the reality of contemporary life allowed stories to be a method of communicating with the public. The all important image to that of an Emperor was signified in many ways by having statues built of themselves in poses and with props that were representative of Gods. Myth at home The representation of myths in Villas echoed that of the imperial Rome, the example of the Roman Villa decorated highly with images taken from myth. It seems that myths had an importance to the Roman people because they are pictured on very mundane items as well as the precious, from wall paintings, pottery and silverware to combs and other everyday items. Myth is referred to in epitaphs and funerary monuments from the rich to the poor although it is not a claim to be a God it does show the widespread use of myth and how important it was to people of Rome. Myths were symbols for people to associate themselves with and present their knowledge beliefs and their own identity. Conclusion Myths were used to communicate moral and political messages but they were also retold for entertainment purposes. It is evident that rulers used myth to try and establish some type of hold and control over society. The Emperors wanted and needed to have a united Rome and used myth to retell of a time of greatness. By relating to myth the rulers are establishing an identity with myth and the ideology that is presented in a story form, this then increases a persons awareness of the correct way to behave or to warn of consequences should they behave like the characters in the myths. Although the use of myth appears to be very wide spread I believe that rulers would use the stories and adapt them to fit their own purpose, by doing this it would allow a firm control of the people from both a political and moral standing. The Romans appeared to have been surrounded by myth because it was displayed in many forms from statues and monuments created by the emperors to the items of pottery that would be used in many houses. It was used as propaganda allowing for each ruler to place their own interpretation and spin depending on their own needs and requirements. The evidence that shows how important myth was to the Romans and still exists in funerary monuments and the use of myth has provided a tool for rulers to use as a medium to deploy messages to their subjects, due to their beliefs, significance and meaning to Roman people. (Word Count 1954)

Inevitability of Change in Stephen Cranes The Bride Comes to Yellow Sk

Inevitability of Change in Stephen Crane's The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky Humans are creatures of habit. In his work "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky," Stephen Crane considers this apparent truism as well as its sometimes unfortunate consequences. In the story, Scratchy Wilson and Jack Potter face a dramatically changing society. Although their actions and emotions concerning the changes in their town differ, Scratchy and Potter are both very fearful of the inescapable easternizing influences. Through Scratchy and Potter's embracing of the Old West, their responses to the East, and their optimism, Stephen Crane illustrates that whether attachment or resistance exists, change is inevitable. To emphasize the difficulty and inevitability of change, Crane displays the characters' attachments to the Old West. Scratchy, the sole survivor of an old gang, plays out his beloved past by rampaging Yellow Sky with his long revolvers and drunken curses. His "creeping movement of [a] midnight cat," chants of "Apache scalp-music," and "terrible invitations" all portray Scratchy's devotion to the Old West. Scratchy's loyalty to his past clearly emphasizes his resistance to change and foreshadows that change will defeat him no matter how long or how hard he plays the game. Potter also plays along by acting as the town marshal who must save Yellow Sky and heroically put an end to the town "terror." Nevertheless, though Potter is attached to the Old West, he embraces the new West with his marriage. Unlike Scratchy, Potter accepts that Yellow Sky is changing and decides to change with it. Crane uses this acceptance to show that change is sometimes easier for some than for others. Potter c ontinues to struggle and worries what his hometown will d... ... forever. The future is now unreachable for him. On the other hand, Potter, though apprehensive like Scratchy, slowly opens his heart to the changing world. Through Scratchy and Potter, Crane establishes two choices: one can either resist change as Scratchy does and remain unhappy until the end, or one can accept change as Potter eventually does and further his future and happiness. Humans are creatures of habit where stability and comfort come first. Ironically, though fully aware of it, humans are always surprised at and afraid of change and how to handle it. Through his work, Stephen Crane brilliantly sets forth that one has no control over what is to come but only how he or she chooses to face it. Works Cited: Crane, Stephen. â€Å"Bride Comes to Yellow Sky.† Literature: The Human Experience. 8th ed. Ed. Richard Abcarian and Marvin Klotz. Boston: Bedford, 2002.

Divorce in america Essay -- essays research papers fc

â€Å"It is easier to divorce my wife of 26 years than to fire someone I hired one week ago. The person I hire has more legal clout....than my wife of 26 years. That's wrong." --Judge Randall Hekman, President of the Michigan Family Forum There are, undoubtedly, a number of causes for divorce. Divorce used to be considered scandalous and immoral. This contributed to many marriages surviving despite strains. However, as divorce becomes more common, the more natural and expectable it seems. The number of divorces per year per1000 people in the U.S. has been declining since hitting our highest point in1981. (â€Å"divorce_ rate†) The United States has one of the highest divorce rates in the world. As a, couple’s relationship, marriages are more likely to be broken by divorce than death. (â€Å"rutgers.edu†) Currently 40% (â€Å"divorcereform†) of all marriages end in divorce. What are the reasons for this destruction of the American family? Some analysts attribute economic and social changes in recent decades as reasons for the rise in divorce. As World War II raged on an increasing numbers of women entered the labor force, From 1940 to 1944 over 6 million women joined the workforce filling jobs that had been exclusively male. (â€Å"chicago to go†) They never returned to being homemakers. These, Rosie the Riveter, women became less economically dependent on men and marriage for financial security. Women in unhappy marriages found that they could divorce and still support themselves. These econom...

Regulation of Political Speech

Can governments regulate political speech of corporations through restrictions on independent corporate expenditures? Over the course of the past twenty years, the U. S. Supreme Court constantly increased constitutional protection of corporate speech under the First Amendment and repeatedly struck down regulations on commercial speech as violating the First Amendment. Although the Supreme Court recently held statutory restrictions on corporate expenditures for electioneering communications to violate the right to free speech, it is still controversially discussed whether such restrictions can be upheld under the First Amendment. However, supporters of such restrictions ignore that the First Amendment is written in terms of speech and not of speakers and does not distinguish between different classes of speakers. Thus, restrictions on political speech cannot be justified solely based on the speaker’s corporate identity or its financial ability and inconsistent with the objective of preserving the integrity of the political process. Introduction TTThe freedom of speech is understood as an essential mechanism of democracy, for the free and public discussion of governmental affairs enables citizens to make informed choices among candidates for office. Owing to fundamental changes in society political views are increasingly expressed through organizations and corporations. In this respect, the protection of corporate speech under the First Amendment is widely recognized. Restrictions on corporate expenditures for political speech reduce the quantity of speech and thus restrict political speech itself. Along these lines, in Citizen United v. Federal Election Commission, the Supreme Court struck down statutory restrictions on corporate expenditures for electioneering communications as violating the First Amendment. However, this decision was widely criticized, in particular President Barak Obama blamed it as â€Å"open[ing of] the floodgates for special interests [†¦] to spend without limit in [United States] elections† and contended that American elections should not be â€Å"bankrolled by America's most powerful interests†. Notwithstanding the governmental interest in preventing corruption in the electoral process, the First Amendment does not distinguish between different classes of speakers and grants a corporation the same political speech rights as a natural person. To that effect, I intend to assess whether restrictions on corporate expenditures as imposed by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA) can be justified under the First Amendment. The paper has three main parts. To begin with, I quickly analyze in how far the provisions on corporate expenditures contained in the BCRA restrict the right of corporations to free speech under the first amendment. In part II, I examine the main arguments to justify such restrictions on corporate speech and raise some objections against them and finally, in the last part of the paper I examine to which extent the restrictions imposed by the BCRA are narrowly tailored to and consistent with the objectives they intend to achieve. I. Analysis of the Restraint The BCRA, prohibited the use of corporate general treasury funds for electioneering communications and only allows expenditures by segregated corporate funds through political action committees (PACs). As PACs are burdensome and expensive to administer they reduce the quantity of speech, for the quantity of speech is limited by financial resources available for the expression of political ideas. Consequently, expenditure restrictions function as a barrier to corporate speech and thereby prevent corporate voices from reaching the public and advising voters and deprive the public of its right to decide which speech and speakers are worthy of consideration. Therefore, restrictions on corporate expenditures also restrict political speech itself. Such restrictions can only be justified if they further a compelling interest and are narrowly tailored to achieve this interest. II. Compelling Governmental Interest In line with Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, it is argued that restrictions on corporate expenditures serve a compelling interest in preserving the integrity of the electoral process. As corporations, unlike individuals, possess more power and financial resources than most individuals they can exercise a greater influence on public political debates. To that effect, restrictions on corporate expenditures are claimed to be necessary to avoid quid pro quo corruption, namely to prevent corporations from exercising undue influence on officeholders inducing them to â€Å"act contrary to their obligations of office by the prospect of financial gain† – or in other words to prevent corporations from â€Å"buying† favors from a candidate. Opponents of expenditure restrictions contend that independent expenditures are not as dangerous as contributions, for they are not prearranged with candidate and might even turn out to be to the detriment of the candidate for such lack of prearrangement. However, I am not prepared to agree with this contemplation. As corporations usually inform candidates about their conduct, independent expenditures can have the same effect as direct contributions. On that note the court emphasizes in McConnell v. Federal Election Com’n that independent expenditures can be even more effective to induce then-elected officials to exercise their duties in favor of their corporate care-givers, because candidates know very well who their friends are. Notwithstanding the desirability to prevent corruption, the First Amendment does not distinguish between powerful and less powerful speakers, but stands against attempts to disfavor certain subjects or viewpoints and protects an open marketplace of ideas where speakers can engage in ‘vigorous’ advocacy. Therefore, it is inconsistent with attempts to restrict the speech of some to enhance the speech of others and the right to free speech cannot be made dependent on a person’s financial ability to engage in public discussion. In line with this, the Supreme Court held in Buckley v. Valeo that individuals and unincorporated groups are free to spend unlimited amounts to promote a candidate or his views. In this light, the potential for corruption cannot be said to be higher than in case of expenditures by individuals and there is no reason why corporate expenditures should be limited while a billionaire can lawfully spend millions to promote a candidate and exercise the same potential influence on the public debate. In addition, expenditure restrictions are claimed to be justified by a compelling interest to protect shareholders from being compelled to fund corporate speech, although their investments in the corporation only reflect economic choices, but not necessarily support for the corporation’s political ideas. Unlike individual speakers, corporations only operate to make profits and their participation in elections is transactional rather than ideological as they usually give money to candidates from both sides. At that, the special advantages of the corporate form – like limited liability and favorable treatment of the accumulation and distribution of assets – improve a corporation’s abilities to attract capital. Therefore, it is argued that resources a corporation acquired in the economic marketplace provide an unfair advantage on the political marketplace, because State law only allows corporations to be dominant in the economy, but not in politics. Although shareholders are free to sell their shares and cease the support of a corporation, they might be reluctant to withdraw their investment as this might force them to sacrifice profits from the corporation’s nonpolitical operations. However, this approach ignores that all speakers, even individuals, use money amassed on the economic marketplace to fund their speech. For instance, political speech might be funded through speakers’ salaries although their employer does not necessarily support their views or might be financed by loans from creditors who do not necessarily support the speakers’ views. III. Are Expenditure Restrictions Narrowly Tailored? Even assuming that the aforementioned interests could be considered compelling, the provisions of the BCRA are not narrowly tailored to achieve those interests. They are overinclusive because they include small corporations that do not possess the financial ability to exercise a dominant influence on the political debate and non-profit organizations. On the other hand, they are underinclusive for they exclude media corporations, although in particular modern media empires amass immense wealth and unreviewable power and are equally if not better equipped to influence the public political debate than other corporations. Many media corporations are owned or controlled by corporations that have diverse and substantial investments and participate in endeavors other than news. As a result, a corporation owning a media business and a non-media business could exercise its control over the media to advance its overall business interests whereas other corporations would be prohibited from promoting the same issue. Lastly, political speech is so integrated in this country’s culture that speakers will always find a way to circumvent campaign finance laws. Conclusion Restrictions on corporate expenditures for electioneering communications can no longer be upheld under the First Amendment. Likewise, no other restrictions on free speech can be imposed solely based on the corporate identity of the speaker. Nevertheless, I do not believe that the special interests of powerful corporations are likely to take over control of the electoral process, since disclaimer, disclosure and reporting standards ensure the integrity of the political process and allow voters to make a sophisticated choice. However, if Congress considers corporate expenditures to pose a threat to the integrity of the electoral process it is free to limit expenditures of all speakers, including individuals, or to impose heightened disclosure or reporting standards, provided they can identify a compelling interest for such restrictions. ——————————————- [ 1 ]. Darrell A. H. Miller, Guns, Inc. : Citizens United, Mcdonald, and the Future of Corporate Constitutional Rights, 86 NYUL. Rev. 887, 899 [2011]; First Nat. Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 US 765, 98 S Ct 1407, 55 L. Ed. 2d 707 [1978]; Citizens United v. Fed. Election Com' n, 130 S Ct 876, 900, 175 L Ed 2d 753 [2010]; Id. 130 S Ct at 925-926; United States v. Playboy 529 U. S. 803, 813, 120 S. Ct. 1978, 146 L. Ed. 2d 865 [2000]. [ 2 ]. Kusper v. Pontikes 414 US 51, 56, 57, 94 S Ct 303, 307, 38 L Ed 2d 260 [1973]; Citizens United 130 S Ct 876, 885; Id. t , 899, 905, 913; Bellotti, 435 U. S. , at 783-784; Alex Osterlind, Giving A Voice to the Inanimate, at 275; Breanne Gilpatrick, Removing Corporate Campaign Finance Restrictions in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 130 S. Ct. 876 (2010), 34 Harv. JL & Pub Pol'y 405, 416 [2011]. [ 3 ]. Mills v. Alabama 384 US 214, 218, 86 S Ct 1434, 1437, 16 L Ed 2d 484; Bellotti at 777; Citizens United at 898-899; Buckley v. Valeo, 424 US 1, 14-15, 96 S Ct 612, 46 L Ed 2d 659 [1976]. [ 4 ]. Bellotti, at 777-778; Time, Inc. v. Firestone, 424 U. S. 448, 96 S. Ct. 958, 47 L. Ed. 2d 154 [1976]; Doran v. Salem Inn, Inc. , 422 U. S. 922, 95 S. Ct. 2561, 45 L. Ed. 2d 648 [1975]; Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad, 420 U. S. 546, 95 S. Ct. 1239, 43 L. Ed. 2d 448 [1975]; Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U. S. 469, 95 S. Ct. 1029, 43 L. Ed. 2d 328 [1975]; Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo, 418 U. S. 241, 94 S. Ct. 2831, 41 L. Ed. 2d 730 [1974]; New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U. S. 713, 91 S. Ct. 2140, 29 L. Ed. 2d 822 [1971] (per curiam); Time, Inc. v. Hill, 385 U. S. 374, 87 S. Ct. 534, 17 L. Ed. 2d 456 [1967]; NAACP v. Button, 371 U. S. 415, 428-429, 83 S. Ct 328 9 L. Ed. 2d 405; Grosjean v. American Press Co. , 297 U. S. 233, 244, 56 S. Ct. 444, 80 L. Ed. 660 [1936] [ 5 ]. Buckley, 424 U. S. 1, 19; Citizens United at 898. [ 6 ]. Citizens United v Fed. Election Com'n, 130 S Ct 876, 175 L Ed 2d 753 [2010]. [ 7 ]. Alex Osterlind, Giving A Voice to the Inanimate, 76 Mo L Rev 259 [2011]; Bradley A. Smith, President Wrong on Citizens United Case, NAT'L REV. ONLINE, Jan. 27, 2010, http://corner. nationalreview. com/post/? q=ZTVkODZiM2M0ODEzOGQ3MTMwYzgzYjNmODBiMzQz=. [ 8 ]. Bellotti, 435 US 765; Citizens United at 900, 925-926; Playboy 529 U. S. 803, 813; Kusper v. Pontikes 414 US 51, 56, 57, 94 S Ct 303, 307, 38 L Ed 2d 260 [1973]; Citizens United 130 S Ct 876, 885; Id. at , 899, 905, 913; Bellotti, 435 U. S. , at 783-784; Alex Osterlind, Giving A Voice to the Inanimate, at 275; Breanne Gilpatrick, Removing Corporate Campaign Finance Restrictions, at 416. [ 9 ]. Pub. L. No. 107-155, 116 Stat. 81 (codified in scattered sections of 2, 8, 18, 28, 36, 47 U. S. C. ). [ 10 ]. Pub. L. No. 107-155, 116 Stat. 81; Citizens United, at 887 (citing 2 U. S. C.  § 441b(B)(2) (2006)). [ 11 ]. Citizens United at, 897; McConnell v Fed. Election Com'n, 540 US 93, 330-333, 124 S Ct 619, 630, 157 L Ed 2d 491 [2003] overruled by Citizens United; Fed. Election Com'n v Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc. , 479 US 238, 253-254, 107 S Ct 616, 619, 93 L Ed 2d 539 [1986]; Buckley, 424 U. S. 1, 19. [ 12 ]. Citizens United at 899; Bellotti, at 791-92; Kingsley Intern. Pictures Corp. v Regents of Univ. of State of N. Y. , 360 US 684, 689 [1959]. [ 13 ]. Citizens United, at 898; Fed. Election Com'n v Wisconsin Right To Life, Inc. 551 US 449, 464, 127 S Ct 2652, 2657, 168 L Ed 2d 329 [2007]. [ 14 ]. Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, 494 US 652,659- 660, 110 S Ct 1391, 1395, 108 L Ed 2d 652 [1990] overruled by Citizens United; Fed. Election Com'n v Natl. Conservative Political Action Comm. , 470 US 480, 500-501 105 S Ct 1459, 84 L Ed 2d 455 [1985]. [ 15 ]. NCPAC, 470 US 480, 496-497. [ 16 ]. McConnell, 540 US 93, at 143-144; Id. at 150, 152-15 4, 297; Fed. Election Com'n v Colorado Republican Fed. Campaign Comm. , 533 US 431, 441, 121 S Ct 2351, 150 L Ed 2d 461 [2001]; Nixon v Shrink Missouri Govt. PAC, 528 US 377, 389, 120 S Ct 897, 145 L Ed 2d 886 [2000]. [ 17 ]. Buckley, 424 US 1, 45-46. [ 18 ]. Citizens United at 926; McConnell, 251 F supp. 2d at 555-560, 622-625; Playboy at 804-805, 813; WRTL at 478; Buckley at 45. [ 19 ]. Mcconnell, 540 US at 129. [ 20 ]. United States v Intl. Union United Auto. , Aircraft and Agr. Implement Workers of Am. (UAW-CIO), 352 US 567, 597, 77 S Ct 529, 1 L Ed 2d 563 [1957]; Citizens United at 883; Playboy at 803, 813; Bellotti at 784. [ 21 ]. Citizens United at 907. [ 22 ]. Buckley at 47-48 CU; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 US at 269, 84 S. Ct at 721 (quoting Bridges v. California 314 US 252, 270, 62 S. Ct. 190, 197, 86 L. Ed. 192 (1941); NACAP at 419. [ 23 ]. Kusper v. Pontikes 424 us at 48-49, Buckley, 96 S. Ct at 648-649. [ 24 ]. Buckley, 424 US 1, 48; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 US at 269; NACAP, 371 us at 419. [ 25 ]. Buckley at 45. [ 26 ]. Austin at 497-498; 500-501; 105 S. Ct at 1468-1469; NCPAC, supra at 500-501. [ 27 ]. Austin, 494 US 652, 685. [ 28 ]. Id. at 659; MCFL 479 US at 257,258, 263; FEC v. National Right to Work Committee 459 US 197, 208, 103 S. Ct. 52, 559, 74 L. Ed. 2d 364 (1982); Pipefitter v. United States 407 US 385, 414-415, 92 S. Ct. 2247, 2264, 33 L. Ed. 2d 11 (1972); Bellotti 98 S Ct 1407, 1431 [ 29 ]. McConnell 540 US at 148. [ 30 ]. Austin 494 US at 658-659. [ 31 ]. Austin 494 US at 658-659. [ 32 ]. Id. at 710. [ 33 ]. MCFL, 479 US 238, 260, 264, 107 S Ct 616, 629, 631. [ 34 ]. Citizen United, at 904; Austin at 660. [ 35 ]. Citizens United, at 905. [ 3 6 ]. Citizens United, at 905. [ 37 ]. Citizens United at 906. [ 38 ]. Citizens United at 906. [ 39 ]. Citizen United at 911-13; McConnell 540 US at 176-177.

Mayans Customs & Traditions

The Mayans believed that the world was full of spirits and ghost, that every creation had an unseen power. A mountain can hold a deity and a rock a spirit, much like animism. It is to their belief that ghosts come out at night and spirits roam the jungle. To get in touch with the supernatural, such as the jaguar spirit or other transformations, the shaman (a priest who uses magic for certain purposes) would use hallucinogenic plants found in the jungle with a doobie.Mayans believed that some certain of their ancestors were reborn as gods. According to the Spanish, Mayans could date back their ancestry hundreds of years ago in detail. Rituals would be performed to their ancestors to gain favour and support. When a member of the family died, they would be buried in simple graves under their houses and the wealthy ones would be buried in tombs along with their belongings such as jewellery, pottery and food.According to Mayan beliefs, it is common for them to have ancestor worships, espe cially to the royals as they believe that they have re-joined the gods. They also believed that the gods had spilled their own blood to form human flesh. Mayan blood sacrifices were a ritual of returning blood to the gods. One way they did this was by ripping hearts out of the human sacrifice, mainly high- ranking war prisoners, and leaving it there for the gods or by pushing them down a cliff.They used human sacrifice because it was believed that human blood made the gods stronger. Yet, another custom was practiced which was self-torture, where they would pierce a body part and run a thread through to let the blood run down it. Sometimes, the Mayans would have dances and dressed up in clothing and masks resembling their gods. The dances were made to ensure the success crops throughout the year. Prior to marriage, Mayan families would use an atanzahab, or matchmaker to examine the couple’s horoscope to avoid future conflicts.Typically, the bride’s family would be given compensation for their daughter and the groom would have to work for the bride’s father for a period of time. The couple would meet for the first time at their wedding ceremony and would not speak to each other until they were married. One major game Mayans would play was a ball game where they had to hit a ball through a ring vertically. They would be rewarded with fine jewellery if they won or be tied up and sent to the high priest to be decapitated then rolled down the long steps to the plaza’s floor below. Thank you.